Energi geotermal

Energi geotermal belum dimanfaatkan
Tuesday, 13 July 2010

YOGYA - Hingga tahun 2018 energi utama untuk pembangkit listrik masih digantungkan dari energi fosil. Padahal, sebenarnya Indonesia memiliki sumber energi geotermal yang potensial hingga 27.176 MWe. Sayang, energi yang besar itu belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. "Sumber energi geotermal Indonesia sebenarnya cukup potensial dikembangkan. Sayang, masi hada kendala teknologi untuk memanfatkannya secara optimal," ujar Dekan Fakultas Teknik (FT) UGM, Dr Tumiran, pada pembukaan kursus geotermal, di fakultas setempat, Senin (12/7).

Kursus geotermal bertajuk "Geothermal Energy Development - Where science and engineering meet" itu hasil kerjasama FT UGM dengan GNS Science dan The University of Auckland, Selandia Baru, itu dipandang cukup penting mengingat selama ini konsumsi energi terbesar Indonesia berasal dari energi fosil.

Duta besar Selandia Baru untuk Indonesia, David Taylor menyatakan, kursus geotermal dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sumberdaya manusia di bidang geotermal guna mendukung pemerintah dalam percepatan peningkatan pembangkit listrik dari geothermal, yakni 6.000 MWe sebelum tahun 2010.

"Kursus sekaligus untuk melanjutkan tradisi panjang kerjasama saling menguntungkan antara Indonesia dan Selandia Baru, terutama dalam pendidikan, riset, dan bisnis geotermal," timpal Tumiran.

Ketua penyelenggara, Ir Pri Utami MSc menambahkan, kursus yang diadakan hingga 17 Juli itu diikuti 60 orang peserta dari UGM maupun luar UGM. Hadir dua orang pengamat eksternal dari Kedubes Selandia Baru dan delpan orang pengamat internal dari Pusat Studi Panasbumi FT UGM.

"Kursus diberikan oleh sembilan orang ahli geotermal, lima orang ahli geotermal geoscience, dan empat orang ahli geotermal engineering," imbuh Utami. Selain tatap muka, latihan, dan diskusi kelas, peserta kursus juga diajak ke lapangan panas bumi Dieng Jawa Tengah. "Kegiatan kali ini sekaligus untuk memperkuat kerja sama riset yang telah ada dan menggali kemungkinan kerjasama baru," tandas Utami. kt2-skh

[Kembali]

© 2010 WawasanDigital
IT Koran Sore Wawasan

Principles of Sedimentology

Home > Higher Education > Geology > Advanced Courses: Under Grad and Grad > Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:International Edition

Seite senden!

[9780321745767 - Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:International Edition - Pearson Education - 0321745760 - 978-0-3217-4576-7]
Titel: Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:International Edition
Reihe: Prentice Hall
Autor: Sam Boggs
Verlag: Pearson Education
Einband: Softcover
Auflage: 5
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 672
Erschienen: September 2010
ISBN13: 9780321745767
ISBN10: 0-321-74576-0


Unser Service für Dozenten



Bestellen
ISBN

Artikel

Verlag

S

Preis SFr

Verfügbar

9780321745767 Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:International Edition Pearson Education E Produkt auf meiner Shopping-Liste notieren. 212.00
unbestimmt
Produkt auf meiner Shopping-Liste notieren.

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:International Edition
Description
This concise treatment of the fundamental principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy highlights the important physical, chemical, biological and stratigraphic characteristics of sedimentary rocks. It emphasizes the ways in which the study of sedimentary rocks is used to interpret depositional environments, changes in ancient sea level, and other intriguing aspects of Earth's history.

Features
• Comprehensive yet concise coverage of all aspects of sedimentology and stratigraphy enables students to obtain complete information on both topics without purchasing additional texts.

• Current coverage of important topics and recent findings saves instructors time by eliminating the need for supplementary materials.

• Numerous illustrations, photos, and diagrams throughout the text provide students with visual representation of concepts to help their understanding.

• Extensive references provide students with the most authoritative sources available to conduct in-depth research projects, further investigations, and term papers.

• Additional readings at the end of each chapter encourage students to conduct further investigations outside of the classroom.

• Photomicrographs provide students with essential visual references for understanding the makeup of sedimentary rocks at the microscopic scale.

Zum Seitenanfang
New to this Edition
• New, pertinent references to research papers help keep the book up to date.

• A listing of new books in the field of sedimentology and stratigraphy provides a guide to relevant additional reading.

• New figures better illustrate the topics discussed in the text and represent current research.

• The revised North American Stratigraphic code, published by the North American Stratigraphic Commission in 2005, is included as an appendix.

•A section on "Application of Lithostratigraphy" has been added to Chapter 12.

• A section on "Application of Biostratigraphy" has been added to Chapter 14.

Zum Seitenanfang
Table of Contents
1. Weathering and Soils
2. Transport and Deposition of Siliciclastic Sediment
3. Sedimentary Textures
4. Sedimentary Structures
5. Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks
6. Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks
7. Other Chemical/Biochemical and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks
8. Continental (Terrestrial) Environments
9. Marginal-Marine Environments
10. Siliciclastic Marine Environments
11. Carbonate and Evaporite Environments
12. Lithostratigraphy
13. Seismic, Sequence, and Magnetic Stratigraphy
14. Biostratigraphy
15. Chronostratigraphy and Geologic Time
16. Basin Analysis, Tectonics, and Sedimentation

Zum Seitenanfang
Author
Sam Boggs received his B.S. degree from the University of Kentucky in 1956 and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Colorado in 1964. He worked as a petroleum exploration geologist (1956-61) and a research geologist (1964-65) before coming to the University of Oregon in 1965. He is currently professor emeritus at the University. He also held one-year appointments at the University of Tokyo and National Taiwan University, and a six-month appointment at Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago. In addition, he worked intermittently (summers) as a research geologist for the U. S. Geological Survey. He has published numerous articles in professional journals as well as four books, including two textbooks in several editions each. His publications cover a wide variety of scientific disciplines: oceanography, sedimentology, stratigraphy, sedimentary petrology, cathodoluminescence imaging, and backscattered electron microscopy.
Zum Seitenanfang

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy:International Edition
DescriptionDescription
FeaturesFeatures
New to this EditionNew to this Edition
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
AuthorAuthor

Related Titles

* Sedimentary Rocks and Stratigraphy
* Stratigraphy
* Sedimentary Rocks

Higher Education

* Addison-Wesley (E)
* Allyn & Bacon
* Benjamin Cummings
* ERPI Canada
* FT Prentice Hall
* Longman
* Pearson Education
* Pearson France
* Pearson Studium
* Prentice Hall

Informatik
Business
English Language Teaching
Pearson Schule
Software



Essentials of Strategic Management:International Version

Integrierte Schaltungen

Organizational Behaviour plus Companion Website Access Card

Physik macchiato

Higher Education

* Accounting and Taxation
* Agriculture
* American Studies
* Anthropology
* Art
* Biology
* Business Communications
* Chemical Engineering
* Chemistry
* Civil and Environmental Engineering
* Communication
* Computer Science
* Decision Sciences
* Economics
* Education
* Electrical Engineering
* Electronics and Computer Technology
* English Composition
* Finance
* Further Education
* General Engineering
* Geography
* Geology
* Health & Kinesiology
* History
* Hospitality, Travel & Tourism
* Industrial Engineering
* Journalism
* Law and Criminology
* Linguistics
* Literature
* Management
* Marketing
* Mathematics Statistics
* Mechanical Engineering
* Media and Film Studies
* Medizin
* MIS (Management Information Systems)
* Music
* Nursing
* Philosophy
* Physics / Astronomy
* Politics
* Psychology
* Religion
* Sociology & Cultural Studies
* Sports Science
* Study Skills
* Theatre

Informatik
Business
English Language Teaching
Pearson Schule
Software



Campbell Biology Plus Mastering Global Edition 9/e

International Management:Managing Across Borders and Cultures, Text and Cases: International Version

Grundzüge der Volkswirtschaftslehre

© 2010 Pearson Education Schweiz AG, Chollerstrasse 37, CH - 6300 Zug, Schweiz
Telefon: ++41 (0)41 747 47 47, Fax: ++41 (0)41 747 47 77, Email:mailbox@pearson.ch

Indonesia Kembangkan Energi Geotermal

Indonesia Kembangkan Energi Geotermal
Oleh Administrator
Rabu, 24 November 2010 19:44
Jakarta, Tambangnews.com.- Kebutuhan listrik dalam negeri yang terus meningkat harus disiasati dengan strategi penggunaan energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan. Demikian paparan yang disampaikan Direktur Program Ditjen Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi (LPE) Departemen ESDM, Emy Perdanahari pada Konfrensi Indonesia Power di Hotel Hyat Jakarta, Ranu (24/11/2010).

Menurut Emy, peluang bisnis energi terbarukan masih terbuka luas, seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan listrik dalam negeri. "Pemanfaatan energi geotermal sangat ramah lingkungan dan masih terbuka luas diseluruh Indonesia." papar Emy.

Diuraikannya saat ini untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik bagi masyarakat sebesar 9% per tahun, diperlukan sekitar 6.000-7.000 MW energi terbarukan/tahun. Sementara saat ini, energi terbarukan baru mencapai 5-10 MW.

"Potensi energi terbarukan seperti panas bumi, angin, surya dan arus laut (ombak), masih menjadi peluang untuk dikembangkan namun investasi pengolahan energi terbarukan menjadi listrik tersebut membutuhkan investasi besar." jelasnya seraya menegaskan untuk kebijakan jangka panjang, Indonesia akan fokus pada pengembangan energi terbarukan ini.

Dia menilai pemanfaatan energi terbarukan hingga kini masih minim. Pada 2008, pemanfaatan tenaga air baru 5% atau 4.200 MW dari 75.670 MW dan panas bumi 3% atau 1.052 MW dari 27.000 MW.


© 2010 Tambangnews.com

* Redaksi
* Smart Intermedia

Tambangnews.com

POTENSI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL YANG DAPAT DIKEMBANGKAN DI PROVINSI NTB PDF Cetak E-mail
Oleh Administrator
Kamis, 18 Juni 2009 16:34
Indeks Artikel
POTENSI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL YANG DAPAT DIKEMBANGKAN DI PROVINSI NTB
POTENSI SUMBER DAYA ENERGI
KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM
Saran
Download
Semua Halaman
Halaman 1 dari 5

1. Prospek cekungan minyak bumi lepas pantai (Off shore)

1.1 Potensi
Beberapa asumsi mengenai keberadaan cekungan hidrokarbon berpotensi sumberdaya minyak dan gas bumi diperkirakan di lepas pantai perairan utara dan selatan P. Lombok, diantaranya :
 Telah dilakukan pemboran eksplorasi (beresiko tinggi) oleh perusahaan minyak British Petroleum (BP) Exploration dan juga berdasarkan peta batimetri Amoco Petro North Sea dan Gulf Oil Company, namun hingga saat ini belum diketahui potensi kandungannya.
 Cekungan di utara Lombok (Gambar1) merupakan cekungan yang terbukti menghasilkan hidrokarbon, walaupun hingga saat ini belum didapatkan cadangan yang besar.
 Berdasarkan data dan konsep geologi terdapat kaitan antara cekungan yang terdapat di utara P. Lombok dengan Pulau Lombok bahkan ke arah selatan Pulau Lombok (forearc basin). Dengan demikian terdapat pula kemungkinan adanya petroleum system di Pulau Lombok dan di selatan Pulau Lombok.

1.2 Permasalahan
Kegiatan eksplorasi minyak bumi memerlukan dana besar dan sumber daya manusia yang handal;
1.3 Saran
Pemerintah Pusat mengupayakan kegiatan eksplorasi minyak bumi di Cekungan Lombok Utara dan Selatan pada tahapan lebih detail;
1.4 Tindak Lanjut
Pemerintah Pusat mempercepat kegiatan eksplorasi minyak bumi di Cekungan Lombok Utara dan Selatan pada tahapan lebih detail;



2. Bahan Galian
2.1 Potensi Bahan Galian
Bahan galian di Provinsi NTB (Gambar 2)
Adapun bahan galian sumber daya mineral yang dapat dikembangkan diantaranya : Emas, Mangan, Galena/Timbal dan Bijih Besi (terindikasi di Lombok selatan hasil eksplorasi Indotan Inc.); Marmer, Granodiorit, Batugamping.
2.2 Permasalahan
Beberapa lokasi potensi bahan galian khususnya Golongan B belum dilakukan penyelidikan lebih lanjut oleh perusahaan;
2.3 Saran
Beberapa lokasi potensi bahan galian khususnya Golongan B agar lebih ditingkatkan penyelidikannya oleh perusahaan;
2.4 Tindak Lanjut
Hasil penyelidikan rinci lokasi bahan galian tersebut ditingkatkan menjadi Kontrak Karya.

© 2010 Tambangnews.com

Optical mineralogy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ambox outdated content.svg
This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. Thanks!
A petrographic microscope, which is a optical microscope fitted with cross-polarizing lenses, a conoscopic lens, and compensators (plates of anisotropic materials; gypsum plates and quartz wedges are common), for crystallographic analysis.

Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties. Most commonly, rock and mineral samples are prepared as thin sections or grain mounts for study in the laboratory with a petrographic microscope. Optical mineralogy is used to identify the mineralogical composition of geological materials in order to help reveal their origin and evolution.

History

William Nicol, whose name is associated with the creation of the Nicol prism, seems to have been the first to prepare thin slices of mineral substances, and his methods were applied by Henry Thronton Maire Witham (1831) to the study of plant petrifactions. This method, of such far-reaching importance in petrology, was not at once made use of for the systematic investigation of rocks, and it was not until 1858 that Henry Clifton Sorby pointed out its value. Meanwhile the optical study of sections of crystals had been advanced by Sir David Brewster and other physicists and mineralogists and it only remained to apply their methods to the minerals visible in rock sections.[1]
[edit] Sections

A rock-section should be about one-thousandth of an inch (30 micrometres) in thickness, and is relatively easy to make. A thin splinter of the rock, about 1 centimetre may be taken; it should be as fresh as possible and free from obvious cracks. By grinding it on a plate of planed steel or cast iron with a little fine carborundum it is soon rendered flat on one side and is then transferred to a sheet of plate glass and smoothed with the very finest emery till all minute pits and roughnesses are removed and the surface is a uniform plane. The rock-chip is then washed, and placed on a copper or iron plate which is heated by a spirit or gas lamp. A microscopic glass slip is also warmed on this plate with a drop of viscous natural Canada balsam on its surface. The more volatile ingredients of the balsam are dispelled by the heat, and when that is accomplished the smooth, dry, warm rock is pressed firmly into contact with the glass plate so that the film of balsam intervening may be as thin as possible and free from air-bubbles. The preparation is allowed to cool and then the rock chip is again ground down as before, first with carborundum and, when it becomes transparent, with fine emery till the desired thickness is obtained. It is then cleaned, again heated with a little more balsam, and covered with a cover glass. The labor of grinding the first surface may be avoided by cutting off a smooth slice with an iron disk armed with crushed diamond powder. A second application of the slitter after the first face is smoothed and cemented to the glass will in expert hands leave a rock-section so thin as to be already transparent. In this way the preparation of a section may require only twenty minutes.[1]
[edit] Microscope
Photomicrograph of a volcanic lithic fragment (sand grain); upper picture is plane-polarized light, bottom picture is cross-polarized light, scale box at left-center is 0.25 millimeter.

The microscope employed is usually one which is provided with a rotating stage beneath which there is a polarizer, while above the objective or the eyepiece an analyzer is mounted; alternatively the stage may be fixed and the polarizing and analyzing prisms may be capable of simultaneous rotation by means of toothed wheels and a connecting-rod. If ordinary light and not polarized light is desired, both prisms may be withdrawn from the axis of the instrument; if the polarizer only is inserted the light transmitted is plane polarized; with both prisms in position the slide is viewed in cross-polarized light, also known as "crossed nicols." A microscopic rock-section in ordinary light, if a suitable magnification (say 30) be employed, is seen to consist of grains or crystals varying in color, size and shape.[1]
[edit] Characters of minerals

Some minerals are colorless and transparent (quartz, calcite, feldspar, muscovite, etc.), others are yellow or brown (rutile, tourmaline, biotite), green (diopside, hornblende, chlorite), blue (glaucophane), pink (garnet), etc. The same mineral may present a variety of colors, in the same or different rocks, and these colors may be arranged in zones parallel to the surfaces of the crystals. Thus tourmaline may be brown, yellow, pink, blue, green, violet, grey, or colorless, but every mineral has one or more characteristic, most common tints. The shapes of the crystals determine in a general way the outlines of the sections of them presented on the slides. If the mineral has one or more good cleavages they will be indicated by systems of cracks. The refractive index is also clearly shown by the appearance of the section, which are rough, with well-defined borders if they have a much stronger refraction than the medium in which they are mounted. Some minerals decompose readily and become turbid and semi-transparent (e.g. feldspar); others remain always perfectly fresh and clear (e.g. quartz), others yield characteristic secondary products (such as green chlorite after biotite). The inclusions in the crystals (both solid and fluid) are of great interest; one mineral may enclose another, or may contain spaces occupied by glass, by fluids or by gases.[1]
[edit] Microstructure

Lastly the structure of the rock, that is to say, the relation of its components to one another, is usually clearly indicated, whether it be fragmented or massive; the presence of glassy matter in contradistinction to a completely crystalline or "holo-crystalline" condition; the nature and origin of organic fragments; banding, foliation or lamination; the pumiceous or porous structure of many lavas; these and many other characters, though often not visible in the hand specimens of a rock, are rendered obvious by the examination of a microscopic section. Many refined methods of observation may be introduced, such as the measurement of the size of the elements of the rock by the help of micrometers; their relative proportions by means of a glass plate ruled in small squares; the angles between cleavages or faces seen in section by the use of the rotating graduated stage, and the estimation of the refractive index of the mineral by comparison with those of different mounting media.[1]
[edit] Pleochroism
Main article: Pleochroism

Further information is obtained by inserting the polarizer and rotating the section. The light vibrates now only in one plane, and in passing through doubly refracting crystals in the slide, is, speaking generally, broken up into rays, which vibrate at right angles to one another. In many colored minerals such as biotite, hornblende, tourmaline, chlorite, these two rays have different colors, and when a section containing any of these minerals is rotated the change of color is often very striking. This property, known as "pleochroism" is of great value in the determination of rock-making minerals.

Pleochroism is often especially intense in small spots which surround minute enclosures of other minerals, such as zircon and epidote, these are known as "pleochroic halos."[1]
[edit] Double refraction

If the analyzer be now inserted in such a position that it is crossed relatively to the polarizer the field of view will be dark where there are no minerals, or where the light passes through isotropic substances such as glass, liquids and cubic crystals. All other crystalline bodies, being doubly refracting, will appear bright in some position as the stage is rotated. The only exception to this rule is provided by sections which are perpendicular to the optic axes of birefringent crystals; these remain dark or nearly dark during a whole rotation, and as will be seen later, their investigation is of special importance.[1]
[edit] Extinction

The doubly refracting mineral sections, however, will in all cases appear black in certain positions as the stage is rotated. They are said to go "extinct" when this takes place. If we note these positions we may measure the angle between them and any cleavages, faces or other structures of the crystal by means of the rotating stage. These angles are characteristic of the system to which the mineral belongs and often of the mineral species itself (see Crystallography). To facilitate measurement of extinction angles various kinds of eyepieces have been devised, some having a stereoscopic calcite plate, others with two or four plates of quartz cemented together; these are often found to give more exact results than are obtained by observing merely the position in which the mineral section is most completely dark between crossed nicols.

The mineral sections when not extinguished are not only bright but are colored and the colors they show depend on several factors, the most important of which is the strength of the double refraction. If all the sections are of the same thickness as is nearly true of well-made slides, the minerals with strongest double refraction yield the highest polarization colors. The order in which the colors are arranged in what is known as Newton's scale, the lowest being dark grey, then grey, white, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue and so on. The difference between the refractive indexes of the ordinary and the extraordinary ray in quartz is .009, and in a rock-section about 1/500 of an inch thick this mineral gives grey and white polarization colours; nepheline with weaker double refraction gives dark grey; augite on the other hand will give red and blue, while calcite with the stronger double refraction will appear pinkish or greenish white. All sections of the same mineral, however, will not have the same color; it was stated above that sections perpendicular to an optic axis will be nearly black, and, in general, the more nearly any section approaches this direction the lower its polarization colors will be. By taking the average, or the highest color given by any mineral, the relative value of its double refraction can be estimated; or if the thickness of the section be precisely known the difference between the two refractive indexes can be ascertained. If the slides be thick the colors will be on the whole higher than in thin slides.

It is often important to find out whether of the two axes of elasticity (or vibration traces) in the section is that of greater elasticity (or lesser refractive index). The quartz wedge or selenite plate enables us to do this. Suppose a doubly refracting mineral section so placed that it is "extinguished"; if now is rotated through 45 degrees it will be brightly illuminated. If the quartz wedge be passed across it so that the long axis of the wedge is parallel to the axis of elasticity in the section the polarization colors will rise or fall. If they rise the axes of greater elasticity in the two minerals are parallel; if they sink the axis of greater elasticity in the one is parallel to that of lesser elasticity in the other. In the latter case by pushing the wedge sufficiently far complete darkness or compensation will result. Selenite wedges, selenite plates, mica wedges and mica plates are also used for this purpose. A quartz wedge also may be calibrated by determining the amount of double refraction in all parts of its length. If now it be used to produce compensation or complete extinction in any doubly refracting mineral section, we can ascertain what is the strength of the double refraction of the section because it is obviously equal and opposite to that of a known part of the quartz wedge.

A further refinement of microscopic methods consists of the use of strongly convergent polarized light (konoscopic methods). This is obtained by a wide angled achromatic condenser above the polarizer, and a high power microscopic objective. Those sections are most useful which are perpendicular to an optic axis, and consequently remain dark on rotation. If they belong to uniaxial crystals they show a dark cross or convergent light between crossed nicols, the bars of which remain parallel to the wires in the field of the eyepiece. Sections perpendicular to an optic axis of a biaxial mineral under the same conditions show a dark bar which on rotation becomes curved to a hyperbolic shape. If the section is perpendicular to a "bisectrix" (see Crystallography) a black cross is seen which on rotation opens out to form two hyperbolas, the apices of which are turned towards one another. The optic axes emerge at the apices of the hyperbolas and may be surrounded by colored rings, though owing to the thinness of minerals in rock sections these are only seen when the double refraction of the mineral is strong. The distance between the axes as seen in the field of the microscope depends partly on the axial angle of the crystal and partly on the numerical aperture of the objective. If it is measured by means of eye-piece micrometer, the optic axial angle of the mineral can be found by a simple calculation. The quartz wedge, quarter mica plate or selenite plate permit the determination of the positive or negative character of the crystal by the changes in the color or shape of the figures observed in the field. These operations are precisely similar to those employed by the mineralogist in the examination of plates cut from crystals. It is sufficient to point out that the petrological microscope in its modern development is an optical instrument of great precision, enabling us to determine physical constants of crystallized substances as well as serving to produce magnified images like the ordinary microscope. A great variety of accessory apparatus has been devised to fit it for these special uses.[1]
[edit] Examination of rock powders

Although rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections the investigation of fine crushed rock powders, which was the first branch of microscopic petrology to receive attention, is by no means discontinued. The modern optical methods are perfectly applicable to transparent mineral fragments of any kind. Minerals are almost as easily determined in powder as in section, but it is otherwise with rocks, as the structure or relation of the components to one another, which is an element of great importance in the study of the history and classification or rocks, is almost completely destroyed by grinding them to powder. [1]
[edit] References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Petrology". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Nesse, W. D., 1991, Introduction of Optical Mineralogy, 2nd edition.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mineralogy"
Categories: Optical mineralogy
Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica | Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference | 1911 Britannica articles needing updates
Personal tools


* This page was last modified on 20 June 2010 at 19:08.
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
* Contact us

* Contact us

* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers